1. an officer acting as a judge in the lower courts.
   
2. a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court.
   
3. a group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues of in a law court.
   
4. an official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes.
   
5. a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courts.
   
6. a lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal and speaks for them in lower law courts.
   

1. What is almost unique about the English legal system?
   
2. What kind of problems does a solicitor deal with?
   
3. How do you qualify as a solicitor?
   
4. What are barristers experts in?
   
5. When must you have a barrister?
   
6. What reasons are there for saying a barrister is rather remote?
   
7. How do you qualify as a barrister?
   

a) motive			1. the same thing occurs again and again

b) there's a pattern of...	2. families in which either the father or mother has left

c) we'll do that house		3. reason

d) broken homes		        4. we'll rob this house

1. What is the strongest motive for theft?
   
2. What pattern often occurs in lives of people involved in theft?
   
3. What house do robbers usually choose?
   
4. What background do robbers most often come from?

1. fair degree of seriousness (of a crime);
   
2. to chase sb.;
   
3. to assault sb.
   

1. After what event in his life did the man become a criminal?
   
2. Why couldn't the man keep any job for very long?
   
3. How serious was the crime that this man committed?
   
4. Where did the crime occur?
   
5. Where was the elderly man sitting when the criminal beat him ? Why did the criminal beat him?
   
6. What information did the solicitor obtain about his defendant (before starting to work on the case)?
   TASK 11. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right.
   

   witness cross-examine witness box evidence defence allege

   everything witnesses say in court: facts, etc where witnesses stand in court someone who sees a crime or an accident ask all witnesses involved in case questions to say something happend thogh the fact hasn't been proved yet all the evidence, facts, things, etc. that a solicitor can use to prove a man is not guilty.

   C. Judges in Great Britain
   TASK 1. Before listening to the tape, read the following text and answer the questions
   
   In Britain, the vast majority of judges (that is, the people who decide what should be done with people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called "Magistrates", or "Justices of the Peace" (JPs). They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have "sound common sense" and understand their fellow human beings. They give up tune voluntarily.
   
   A small proportion of judges are not Magistrates. They are called "High Court Judges" and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal might be sent to prison for more than a year. High Court Judges, unlike Magistrates, are paid salaries by the State and have considerable legal training.
   
   Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody, not even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee tries to draw Magistrates from as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible.
   
   On this tape, a Magistrate describes the sort of people who come before him, gives examples of a few typical cases and finally talks about the difficulty of deciding between when to help a person and when to punish him.
   
   

   1. What kind of people are Magistrates?
      
   2. Why are they selected?
      
   3. Who would judge a person who had committed a crime like murder?
      
   4. Who selects Magistrates and what is unusual about the system?
      
   5. What does the Magistrate on the tape talk about?

   
   
   TASK 3. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right
   

   a) inadequate				1. the main impression
   
   b) punishment				2. not to have enough sympathy
   
   c) overwhelming impression		3. treat too softly
   
   d) insufficiently concerned with	4. inadequacies
   
   e) shortcomings				5. the prison sentence or fine given to a criminal
   
   f) molly - coddle			6. used for people who somehow
                                              lack the necessary intelligence or maturity to
                                              make a success of their lives
   
   

   TASK 4. Answer the questions
   

   1. What word does the Magistrate use to describe most of the people who come before him?
      
   2. How, according to him, do they react to situations?
      
   3. What does he think most of them need?
      
   4. What sort of things does the public say about criminals?
      
   5. What sort of people has the public sympathy for?
      
   6. What sort of people has the public not enough sympathy for?

   
   
   TASK 21. Read the text and answer the questions
   The Innocent and the Guilty
   
   Imagine, if you can, that you have been arrested for something like shoplifting, or for dangerous driving, or for getting drunk and causing "a disturbance of the peace". You are in a Magistrates Court now.
   
   You, "the accused", are in a kind of large, open box. The sides come up almost to your chin. It is on a raised platform almost in the centre of the court and is called "the dock". You are "in the dock". There are three Magistrates "on the bench" in front of you. At least one of them is a woman. They are also on a raised platform, at desks, side by side. In front of and below them there is another man. He is the "Clerk of the Court" and he, unlike them, is trained in the law and is paid for his work. During your case he will handle the administrative details and perhaps give advice to the Magistrates on legal points.
   
   The case begins. The policeman who arrested you gives evidence. He reads details from a small black notebook that he always carries. He tells the court when and why he arrested you, what you said, what he said, and so on. Your solicitor questions, or "cross-examines" him. One of the Magistrates speaking for all three, also asks questions. Other witnesses appear. Perhaps you yourself say nothing at all. You do not have to speak in your defence. "Everyone is innocent unless proved guilty". In other words, you do not have to prove that you are innocent. The police have to prove you are guilty.
   
   At the end the Magistrates probably do not even go out of the court. They discuss your case in low voices in front of you. You try to hear, but cannot. Then the Clerk of the Court tells you to stand. The Magistrate who has done the talking for the others tells you whether they have found you innocent or guilty. He can sentence you to no more than six months in gaol for one offence, to a maximum of one year for two or more offences or to a fine of 400 pounds.
   
   More serious cases are heard in the Crown Court, where the Judge is always a legal expert and is also paid for his work. In the Crown Court you may, if you choose, be given a "trial by jury". Twelve ordinary people like yourself judge you. But the Judge himself always decides on the sentence.
   
   Reporters for local newspapers often go to Magistrates' Courts; the next day articles appear in the paper and full names, ages, addresses and details of the case are given. Find such an article if you can from an English local newspaper. It will give you an idea of the kind of cases that can be tried in such a court.
   
   

   1. What are the names of at least three offences (less serious than crimes) for which people are tried in a Magistrates' Court.
      
   2. What exactly is meant by "the dock"?
      
   3. If you are "in the dock", what and who do you see is front of you?
      
   4. If you are the accused, describe what these people will do during your case.
      
   5. the policeman who arrested you
      
   6. your solicitor
      
   7. one of the three Magistrates
      
   8. the other two Magistrates
      
   9. witnesses
      
   10. In what way, with regard to training and pay, is the Clerk of the Court different from the Magistrates?
       
   11. What is the longest term a Magistrates' Court can sentence anyone to?
       
   12. Where are more serious cases heard?

   
   
   

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